Nikola Tesla

Nikola Tesla died in January

Nikola Tesla from The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla

Tesla was born on 10 July 1856, in a small town called Smiljan in the Austria –Hungary border province of modern day Croatian republic. Tesla was born into a poor family whose father was a priest and his mother an illiterate housewife but very talented and to whom he was emotionally very close. Tesla had one elder brother and three sisters. According to Tesla’s biography (Cheney ,1999) the elder brother Dane was brilliant and died at the age of 12 and Tesla came under tremendous pressure from his parents to perform as well as his brother. This was a major motivating force in his early life.Tesla studied electrical engineering at the Austrian Polytechnic in Graz.

Throughout his working life there was great animosity between Tesla, Marconi and Edison, the latter two managing to get early industry recognition for their work. This animosity was particularly evident in the “War of the Currents” which nearly broke both the Edison and Westinghouse Company’s. However Tesla did manage to be awarded the Edison Medal in 1917 and had the unit for measuring magnetic flux named after him. In 1943 the US Supreme Court upheld Tesla’s patent on radio and formally recognising him as the inventor of radio. Tesla died in New York in 1943, alone and destitute and in debt.

Tesla began his formal career in 1881 when he moved to Budapest, to work as the chief electrician for a telegraph company, the American Telephone Company. It was here that he quickly had his first invention which was an amplifier or loudspeaker.  In 1884, he emigrated to the US and went to work for Edison in the ‘Edison Machine Works’. He was offered in present value terms 1M$ if he completed design improvements to the direct current (DC) motor and generator initiatives that Edison was doing at the time. After one year of hard work where he produced some very profitable products and patents, Edison reneged on the deal and when finally Tesla was refused a 25$/week raise he resigned. This is a good example of naivety in business which Tesla would exhibit many times in his life. In 1886, Tesla formed his own company, ‘Tesla Electric -Light & Manufacturing’ and started work on developing an alternating current (AC) motor. He disagreed with his financial investors on his plan for an (AC) motor and he was forced to leave the company. However during this time he worked with a patent attorney who helped Tesla to start work on his AC motor and financed him in setting up his laboratory. In 1887, he constructed the initial brushless alternating current induction motor, which he demonstrated to the American Institute of Electrical Engineers in 1888.

Some Achievements

Nikola Tesla contributed more to the field of electricity, radio, and television than any other person. He invented alternating current, generators and motors to run on it, high voltage Tesla coils, radio, X-rays, highly efficient bladeless steam turbines, radio controlled boats and robots, fluorescent lights and was hugely influential in his industry. Tesla was a metaphysical genius who had a tremendous ability to visualise his inventions and the complete working model of his invention including the minutest details so that when it was manufactured for the first time it worked just as he visualized it.

In April of 1887, Tesla began his early investigative work in the area of X-rays using his own single node vacuum tubes and where he discovered the phenomenon of braking radiation. This was much before Roentgen’s discovery who was a pioneer in this area also. In 1891, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States at the age of 35.When Tesla was 36 years old, the first patents concerning the polyphase power system were granted.

From 1893 to 1895, he investigated high frequency alternating currents. He generated AC in excess of one million volts using a conical Tesla coil (Fig 2) and his most impressive experiment with this coil was in Colorado Springs where he produced artificial lightning discharges which were up to 135 foot long and managed unwittin gly to blow up the electricity generators for the Colorado Springs area. He investigated the skin effect in conductors, designed tuned circuits, invented a machine for inducing sleep and cordless gas discharge lamps, and transmitted electromagnetic energy without wires, effectively building the first radio transmitter. His first radio patents were filed in 1896 but it was not until after his death that he was formally recognised as the inventor of radio.

At the 1893 World’s Fair, the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Tesla and Westinghouse introduced visitors to AC power by using it to light the exhibition facility. In 1896 the world’s first large-scale power plant producing AC power was set up at Niagara Falls. Both these systems clearly demonstrated the superiority of AC power over Edison’s DC power.

In 1894, he was given an honorary doctoral degree by Columbia and Yale Universities and the Elliot Cresson Medal by the Franklin Institute. In 1897, when Tesla was 42 he demonstrated a radio-controlled boat to the US military. In 1898, a radio-controlled boat was demonstrated to the public during an electrical exhibition at Madison Square Garden. In the same year, Tesla invented an “electric igniter” or spark plug for internal combustion gasoline engines which is related to the Tesla coil in its principle of working.

In 1917 Tesla was awarded the Edison Medal, the most coveted prize of IEEE.  

In 1934, the city of Philadelphia awarded him the John Scott Medal for his polyphase power system.

In his latter years Tesla worked on plans for a directed-energy weapon which he called “death ray”. This got articulated as “Star Wars” during the Reagan administration. In 1937, Tesla composed a treatise entitled “The Art of Projecting Concentrated Nondispersive Energy through the Natural Media” concerning charged particle beams. Tesla tried to interest the US War Department in the developments and a contract was entered into to build a de vice. Tesla died of heart failure in the New Yorker Hotel in 1943, at the age of 86.

An interesting thought is what impact Tesla would gave today on our overstressed world where we seek the technological wave that will mitigate the risks of global warming and the depletion of fossil fuels.

Isaac Newton was born on Christmas day 1642

Isacc Newton from Encarta and www.newton.ac.uk

Newton, Sir Isaac (1642-1727), mathematician and physicist, one of the foremost scientific intellects of all time. Born at Woolsthorpe, he entered Cambridge University in 1661; he was elected a Fellow of Trinity College in 1667, and Lucasian Professor of Mathematics in 1669. He remained at the university, lecturing in most years, until 1696. Of these Cambridge years, in which Newton was at the height of his creative power, he singled out 1665-1666 (spent largely in Lincolnshire because of plague in Cambridge) as "the prime of my age for invention". During two to three years of intense mental effort he prepared Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) commonly known as the Principia, although this was not published until 1687.

 Newton became the most highly esteemed natural philosopher in Europe. His last decades were passed in revising his major works, polishing his studies of ancient history, and defending himself against critics, as well as carrying out his official duties. Newton was modest, diffident, and a man of simple tastes. He was angered by criticism or opposition, and harboured resentment; he was harsh towards enemies but generous to friends. In government, and at the Royal Society, he proved an able administrator. He never married and lived modestly, but was buried with great pomp in Westminster Abbey.

Some Scientific Achievements

OPTICS

He investigated the refraction of light by a glass prism; developing over a few years a series of increasingly elaborate, refined, and exact experiments, Newton discovered measurable, mathematical patterns in the phenomenon of colour. He found white light to be a mixture of infinitely varied coloured rays (manifest in the rainbow and the spectrum), each ray definable by the angle through which it is refracted on entering or leaving a given transparent medium. He correlated this notion with his study of the interference colours of thin films (for example, of oil on water, or soap bubbles), using a simple technique of extreme acuity to measure the thickness of such films. He held that light consisted of streams of minute particles. From his experiments he could infer the magnitudes of the transparent "corpuscles" forming the surfaces of bodies, which, according to their dimensions, so interacted with white light as to reflect, selectively, the different observed colours of those surfaces.

MATHEMATICS

Newton made contributions to all branches of mathematics then studied, but is especially famous for his solutions to the contemporary problems in analytical geometry of drawing tangents to curves (differentiation) and defining areas bounded by curves (integration). Not only did Newton discover that these problems were inverse to each other, but he discovered general methods of resolving problems of curvature, embraced in his "method of fluxions" and "inverse method of fluxions", respectively equivalent to Leibniz's later differential and integral calculus. Newton used the term "fluxion" (from Latin meaning "flow") because he imagined a quantity "flowing" from one magnitude to another. Fluxions were expressed algebraically, as Leibniz's differentials were, but Newton made extensive use also (especially in the Principia) of analogous geometrical arguments. Late in life, Newton expressed regret for the algebraic style of recent mathematical progress, preferring the geometrical method of the Classical Greeks, which he regarded as clearer and more rigorous.

The Calculus Priority Dispute

Newton had the essence of the methods of fluxions by 1666. The first to become known, privately, to other mathematicians, in 1668, was his method of integration by infinite series. In Paris in 1675 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz independently evolved the first ideas of his differential calculus, outlined to Newton in 1677. Newton had already described some of his mathematical discoveries to Leibniz, not including his method of fluxions. In 1684 Leibniz published his first paper on calculus; a small group of mathematicians took up his ideas.

MECHANICS AND GRAVITATION

According to the well-known story, it was on seeing an apple fall in his orchard at some time during 1665 or 1666 that Newton conceived that the same force governed the motion of the Moon and the apple. He calculated the force needed to hold the Moon in its orbit, as compared with the force pulling an object to the ground. He also calculated the centripetal force needed to hold a stone in a sling, and the relation between the length of a pendulum and the time of its swing. These early explorations were not soon exploited by Newton, though he studied astronomy and the problems of planetary motion.

Book I of the Principia states the foundations of the science of mechanics, developing upon them the mathematics of orbital motion round centres of force. Newton identified gravitation as the fundamental force controlling the motions of the celestial bodies. He never found its cause. To contemporaries who found the idea of attractions across empty space unintelligible, he conceded that they might prove to be caused by the impacts of unseen particles.

Book II inaugurates the theory of fluids: Newton solves problems of fluids in movement and of motion through fluids. From the density of air he calculated the speed of sound waves.

Book III shows the law of gravitation at work in the universe: Newton demonstrates it from the revolutions of the six known planets, including the Earth, and their satellites. However, he could never quite perfect the difficult theory of the Moon's motion. Comets were shown to obey the same law; in later editions, Newton added conjectures on the possibility of their return. He calculated the relative masses of heavenly bodies from their gravitational forces, and the oblateness of Earth and Jupiter, already observed. He explained tidal ebb and flow and the precession of the equinoxes from the forces exerted by the Sun and Moon. All this was done by exact computation.

Programming language

Z++ (GeekFlash # 2)

Z++ from ZHMICRO IDE., take advantage of loyal developers that have existing applications written in C++.

Z++ makes it even easier to develop high quality mobile and enterprise software applications that are capable of running on multiple Operating Systems without all the confusing 3rd Party Libraries, Emulators, or multiple SDK's (Software Development Toolkits).  Z++ is based on C++ but is platform independent. Becoming in a more versatile applications for marketing purposes reducing time and a large reduction in code developing.

Z++ are capable of running on multiple Desktop and Enterprise Operating Systems such as Microsoft Windows, LINUX, and UNIX as well as Mobile Operating Systems such as Palm, Windows Mobile, and Pocket PC.

The Compiler works directly with the source Z47 for a Virtual Processor instructions.  Debugging facilities including the unique feature of reporting memory leaks.

With the Z47 Virtual Processor,  written faciltitate more  platform independent an  easier compiled without the need for knowledge of the he target  OS is put into the code.

More info in ZHMICRO.

______________________________________________________

JAVA (GeekFlash # 1) 

Java  from the_Java_Programming_Language,_4th_Edition_2005.

Programming Language is an indispensable resource for novice and advanced programmers alike.  Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming language model organized around "objects" rather than "actions" and data rather than logic. Historically, a program has been viewed as a logical procedure that takes input data, processes it, and produces output data.

The Java  programming language is known by the world community of software developers, because platform-independent applications that can come from anywhere on the Internet. Software developers who create applications in the Java programming language benefit by developing code only once, with no need to "port" their applications to every software and hardware platform.   A Java code compiled on one Operating System will run on other Operating System.

In the Java programming language, programs are built from classes. From a class definition, you can create any number of objects that are known as instances of that class. Think of a class as a factory with blueprints and instructions to build gadgets-objects are the gadgets the factory makes.

The Java Development Kit (JDK) is free to download and use for commercial programming.   Only, you must start to learn a new one.

www.artqvot-gallery.com

MBike Confort

The world give them motorcycles is full of emotion and adrenaline. For which new tendencies and arisen considering diverse styles of machines where the liberty and the comfort continue being predominant nowadays the clothes of cotton themselves to become a great addition to the classical armour of nylon or leather which are acquaintances besides by maintaining temperature which the cotton aid to regular just like the sweat.

The recommendations to wear the technical acquaintance of covering by layers having to the first layers in cotton since not alone is absorbent, but also it permits the most slowed evaporation down of the sweat and the best control of the temperature, which does not do the synthetic materials that permit unites fast evaporation give it humidity.

 The key for a complete armour  is to use materials of different absorbent so much properties that retain the humidity as synthetic that evaporate it and improve the conditions avoiding to produce a thermal collision, by I finalize would be the protection of semi-permeable and waterproof material like the leather and of hard protection

Please visit our page